Migration and Integration Policies on Social and Labor Market standpoints inside the European Union
Abstract
This paper aims at shedding light on integration measures for immigrants employed at EU level. The focus of the discussion accounts for an integrated top-down and bottom-up series of approaches toward the management of the present migration flows in Europe. The first section portrays the inner status categories of the flows. The second paragraph glances at integration, as it is provided by the country of destination to mostly non- Europeans.  The third section discussed the dynamic forces of migrants inside the EU labor market, followed by the evaluation of the “integration-labor market†nexus towards welfare sustainability. A specific fragment of the analysis includes policies adopted by some countries in the context of social and economic integration on a city level and evaluates bad and good practices. The last section guides toward the disarticulation of common beliefs in the agenda of migrants and labor market. Indeed, labels influence both the consideration and the perception people have of the others. The inner dynamics of integration inside the Union are a direct consequence of the label given to that cluster of people, which broadly goes by the name of “immigrants†where mastering the language of the destination country and being able, and allowed, to find a job are of chief importance.
References
Addison, T. & Worswick, C. (2002). The Impact of Immigration on the Earnings of Natives: Evidence from Australian Micro-Data. Economic Record, 78 (240), 68-78.
Ager, A. & Strang, A. (2004). Indicators of Integration: Final Report. UK Home Of-fice, Development and Practice Report 28, London.
Algan, Y. & Dustmann, C. (2010). Glitz A., Manning A., The Economic Situation of First and Second-Generation Immigrants in France, Germany and the United King-dom.The Economic Journal, 120 (1), F4–F30.
Amuedo-Dorantes, C. & De la Rica, S. (2007). Labour Market Assimilation of Recent Immigrants in Spain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45 (2), 257-284.
Bauer, T. K., Dietz, B., Zimmermann, K. F. &Zwintz, E. (2005). German Migration: Development, Assimilation, and Labor Market Effects. In K.F. Zimmermann (Ed.), European Migration: What do we know? (pp. 197-261). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boelpaep, B. (2017, September 8). Is Germany's migrant crisis over? One city put to the test. BBC.
Borjas, G. (2003). The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Re-examing the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market. NBER Working Paper, The Quarterly Journal of Economics,118 (4), 1335-1374.
Card, D. (2007).How Immigration affects U.S. Cities. CReAM Discussion Paper, London.
Desiderio, M.V. & Hooper, K. (2015). Improving migrants’ labor market integration in Europe from the outset: A cooperative approach to predeparture measures. Mi-gration Policy Institute Europe, Brussels.
Dustmann, C., Frattini, T. & Preston, I. (2013).The Effect of Immigration along the Distribution of Wages, Review of Economic Studies, 145-173.
European Investment Bank (2016). Migration and the EU-Challenges, opportunities, the role of EIB. Report of the EIB Economics Department.
European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2009). Directive 2009/52/EC, Directive providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals.
European Commission (2005). Green Paper on an EU approach to managing economic migration.
European Council (1999). Tampere European Council: Presidency conclusions, Tampere.
European Council (2004). Press Release 2618, Council Meeting of Justice and Home Affairs.
Fundamental Rights Report (2017). Severe labour exploitation: workers moving within or into the European Union. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), Luxembourg.
Hansen, P. & Hager, S.B. (2010). The Politics of European Citizenship: Deepening Contradictions in Social Rights and Migration Policy. New York: Berghahn Books.
Heckmann, F. (2005).Integration and Integration Policies. The University of Bam-berg, European Forum for Migration Studies, Bamberg, 13-15.
House of Lords’ report (2008). The Economic Impact of Immigration, London.
Italian laws: Acts of amendment (2002). No. 189.
Italian laws: Acts of amendment (2009). No. 102.
King, R. & Lulle, A. (2016). Research on Migration: Facing Realities and Maximizing Opportunities. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Kogan, I., Kalter, F., Liebau, E. & Cohen, Y. (2011).Individual Resources and Struc-tural Constraints in Immigrants’ Labour Market Integration. In M. Wingens et al. (Ed.), A Life-Course Perspective on Migration and Integration (pp. 75-100). Sprin-ger Science Business Media B.V.
Pischkej, S. & Velling, J. (1997).Employment Effects of Immigration to Germany: An Analysis Based on Local Labor Markets.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 79 (4), 594-604.
Sommerville, W. & Sumption, M. (2009).Immigration and the labour market: theory, evidence and policy.Migration Policy Institute.
Tapinos, G. (1999, December). Illegal immigrants and the labour market. OECD Ob-server.
Authors who publish in this Working Papers Series agree with the following points:
- The author(s) guarantee(s) that the article is original and that it has not been previously published nor sent to other series for consideration.
- The author(s) declare(s) that the article does not violate the copyright of third parties and assume(s) the full personal and financial responsibility for any legal action which may be brought by third parties against the ICSR Mediterranean Knowledge
- The author(s) retain(s) the rights. The ICSR Mediterranean Knowledge is allowed to publish the work in digital edition with the licence Creative Commons Attribution Licence 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) or in any other form that the publisher considers opportune. The licence allows others to share the work, provided that the authorship and the initial publication in this Working Paper Series are reported.
- The authors can establish other arrangements with non-exclusive license to distribute the published version of the article (eg. deposit it in an institutional archive or publish it in a monograph), indicating that it was first published in the Working Papers Series of the ICSR Mediterranean Knowledge
- The author(s) can distribute the article online (eg. on their website) only after that it is published by the Working Papers Series (see The Effect of Open Access).
