Out of Sight Out of Mind Holding migrants at bay in the Mediterranean
Keywords:
Carceral State, Mediterranean, Illegalisation, Securitization, Social Europe
Abstract
The proposed 2017 EU-Libya agreement to prevent migrants from crossing over to Europe triggered the analysis in this paper concerning migration across the Euro-Mediterranean region with specific reference to Malta. We argue that this position of keeping migrants at arms length (out of sight and out of mind) from the heart of Europe makes any concept of a formal Social Europe (we recognise a different social politics from below) sound hollow. The main contention is that there can be no formal Social Europe unless it exists in solidarity with a Social World - a ‘Fortress Europe' is no Social Europe at all. This applies to the interrelated issues of who can enter and who is barred from entering Europe, and who, among those residing in this continent, can enjoy the advantages of citizenship and who is denied them; in short, who is allowed to live in a dignified manner and who is omitted from the index of human concerns.
References
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Pisani, M (2018 ) Illegal young bodies and the failings of Liberal democracy. Some reflections on the European Union 's ' refugee crisis' and its implications for juvenile justice. Goldson B ( Ed.), Juvenile Justice in Europe. Past, Present and Future, London and New York: Routledge, 162-185.
Rizzo, S (2012) The Capacities of the Maltese Labour Market to Absorb Irregular Immigrants’. In: Xuereb, P (ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union, Malta University Press, Malta, 141-162.
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Ronzitti, N (2009) The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and
Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for
Cooperation in the Mediterranean? Bulletin of Italian Politics
1(1):125-133
Sayer, D (2018). Prague. Crossroads of Europe, London: Reaktion Books.
UNCHR (2016) Mediterranean Sea: 100 people reported dead yesterday, bringing year total to 5,000. UNCHR Newsletter 23 September, Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2016/12/585ce804105/mediterranean-sea-100-people-reported-dead-yesterday-bringing-year-total.html Accessed 10 March 2017
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Aronowitz, S (2004) How Class Works: Power and Social Movement, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Auditus, JRS (2016) Conditions in Detention Facilities Report. Malta. Asylum Information Database http://www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/malta/detention-asylum-seekers/detention-conditions/conditions-detention-facilities Accessed 5th March 2017
Bacon, D (2008) Illegal People. How Globalization creates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants, Boston: Beacon Press.
Barroso, JM (2013) Speech by European Commission President José Manuel Durão Barroso at the Conference on Restoring Socio-Economic Convergence in Europe, Brussels: European Commission http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-802_en.htm Accessed 5 March 2017.
Baczynska, G (2017a) EU needs Turkish-style migration deal on Libya: Maltese PM Reuters January 18 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-idUSKBN152304 Accessed 13 March 2017
Baczynska, G (2017b) FACTBOX-EU leaders push measures to stop African immigration from Libya. Reuters Africa January 30 http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL5N1FK41D?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 Accessed 13 March 2017
Badiou, A (2008) The Meaning of Sarkozy London: Verso
Bauman, Z (2006), The Crisis of the Human Waste Disposal Industry. In: Macedo, D., Gounari, P (eds.), The Globalization of Racism, Boulder Colorado: Paradigm, 36-40.
Brian, T., Laczko, F (eds.) (2014) Fatal Journeys Tracking Lives Lost during Migration Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Borg C and Mayo, P (2006 ) Towards an anti-racist agenda in Education. The case of Malta. Macedo, D and Gounari, P (Eds.) The Globalization of Racism, Boulder Colorado: Paradigm, 148-164.
Butler, J (2016) Frames of War. When Is Life Grievable? London: Verso.
Carabott, S (2016) ‘High number of suicide attempts among migrants’, Times of Malta, April 5. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20160405/local/high-number-of-suicide-attempts-among-migrants.607837 Accessed 5th March 2017
Cardona, M (2010) You will always have the poor among you, Malta: Centru Fidi u Gustizzja (Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice)
Campbell, J. L., Hall, J. A (2009) National identity and the political economy of small states. Review of International Political Economy 16(4): 547–572.
Coleiro, M. L (2016) President of the Republic of Malta Speech on Republic Day, 13 December. https://president.gov.mt/media-all/id-diskors-tal-president-ta-malta-marie-louise-coleiro-preca-fl-okkazjoni-tac-cerimonja-tal-investitura-fjum-ir-repubblika/ Accessed 7 March 2017
Cooper, L., Hardy, S (2012) Beyond Capitalism? The Future of Radical Politics, Winchester UK and Washington: Zero Books.
Council of the European Union (2017) Malta Declaration by the members of the European Council on the external aspects of migration: addressing the Central Mediterranean route Press Release 3 February http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/01/03-malta-declaration/ Accessed 13 March 2017
de Sousa Santos, B (2003) The World Social Forum. Toward a Counter-hegemonic Globalisation (Part 1) Edited version of part of a paper presented at the XXIV International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Dallas, USA, March 27–29: 235-245 http://www.boaventuradesousasantos.pt/media/wsf_JaiSenPart1.pdf Accessed 10 March 2017
EC (2016) First report on relocation and resettlement 16th March Brussels: European Commission
https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/1-2016-165-EN-F1-1.PDF Accessed 6th March 2017.
EC (2017 ) Commission calls for renewed efforts in implementing solidarity measures under the European Agenda on Migration Press Release 2 March http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-348_en.htm Accessed 13 march 2017
Empson, M. (2016). Marxism and ecology Capitalism, socialism and the future of the planet. London: Socialist Workers’ Party.
Eurostat (2014) Immigration by country of birth, 2014 (¹) YB16.png, Brussels: European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Immigration_by_country_of_birth,_2014_(%C2%B9)_YB16.png Accessed 13 March 2017.
Foucault, M (1977) Discipline & Punish. The Birth of the Prison (trans. A. Sheridan), New York: Vintage Books.
Frendo, H (2012) Foreword. In: Xuereb, P (ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union, Malta: Malta University Press, xv-xviii.
Frontex (2016 ) Profiting from Misery: How Smugglers bring People to Europe Frontex webpage 18 February http://frontex.europa.eu/feature-stories/profiting-from-misery-how-smugglers-bring-people-to-europe-tQtYUH Accessed 13 March 2017
Gatt, A (2014) Fair Sharing of Asylum Responsibility within the EU: Addressing Malta’s Scenario. In: Xuereb, P (ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union, Malta: Malta University Press, 103-140.
Gatti, F (2007) Bilal.Viaggiare, Lavorare Morire da Clandestini (Bilal. Travelling, Working and Dying as Illegal Immigrants), Milan: BUR rizzoli. (in Italian)
Giroux, H (2010) Hearts of Darkness: Torturing Children in the War on Terror, Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm; New York and London: Routledge.
Giroux, H.A. (2015) Neoliberalism's War on Higher Education, Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Giroux, H. A (2016) Anti-Politics and the Plague of Disorientation: Welcome to the Age of Trump. Truthout Tuesday, June 07 http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/36340-anti-politics-and-the-plague-of-disorientation-welcome-to-the-age-of-trump Accessed 7th March 2017
Grech, H (2017). Man who took his own life had applied for assisted return, minister says Victim told friends he was forced to feel like a criminal. Times of Malta, February 21. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170221/local/man-facing-deportation-takes-his-own-life.640279 Accessed 5th March 2017
Hernández, K. L, Muhammad K. G and Thompson, H. A (2015) Introduction: Constructing the Carceral State. Journal of American History, 102 (1): 18-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav259 Accessed 5th March 2017
IOM (2017) Latest Global Figures Migrant Fatalities Worldwide, Missing Migrants Project website, Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) https://missingmigrants.iom.int/latest-global-figures Accessed 13 March 2017
IOM (2020) IOM: Mediterranean Arrivals Reach 110,699 in 2019; Deaths Reach 1,283. World Deaths Fall https://www.iom.int/news/iom-mediterranean-arrivals-reach-110699-2019-deaths-reach-1283-world-deaths-fall
IOM (2021) Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals Reach 16,724 in 2020; Deaths Reach 256 https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-reach-16724-2020-deaths-reach-256 Accessed 7thJanuary 2021
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C, an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Summary for Policymakers. Geneva: IPCC. Retrieved 6 November 2018 from http://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf.
Law Library of Congress (2015) Court of Justice of the European Union; European Union: Challenges to Mandatory Plan to Relocate Refugees. Global Legal Monitor, 14th December http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-european-union-challenges-to-mandatory-plan-to-relocate-refugees/ Accessed 7th March 2017
Lutterbeck, D (2012) From Malta to Mogadishu: Travel Experiences of Somali Migrants. In: Xuereb, P (ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union, Malta: Malta University Press, 61-79.
Mainwaring, C (2012) Constructing a Crisis: the Role of Immigration Detention in Malta, Population, Space and Place, published online in acWiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/psp.1721
Mallia, P (2012) The disembarkation of migrants rescued at sea. Where is the solidarity? In: Xuereb, P (ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union, Malta: Malta University Press, 81-101.
Masalha, N (2018) Palestine. A Four Thousand Year History, London and New York: Zed Books.
Mayo P., Hegemony, Migration and Misplaced Alliances. Lessons from Gramsci. In: O.G. Augustin and M.B Jorgensen (Eds.) Solidarity without Borders, London and New York: Pluto Press.
Mayo, P (2022) Gramsci, The Southern Question and the Mediterranean. In: Sultana, R.G (Ed.), Educational Scholarship across the Mediterranean. A Celebratory Retrospective, Leyden, Boston: Brill, 86-102
Mayo, P and Vittoria, P (2021) Critical Education in International Perspective, London, New York, Oxford, New Delhi and Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic.
Nail, T (2015) Alain Badiou and the Sans-Papiers. Angelaki 20(4):109-130
Pace, P (2012) Health Care for Migrants in Malta. In: Xuereb, P (ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union, Malta University Press, Malta, 237-256.
Pisani, M (2012a) Addressing the 'Citizenship Assumption' in critical pedagogy. Addressing the case of rejected female Sub-saharan African Asylum Seekers in Malta. Power and Education, 4(2): 185
Pisani, M (2012b) The elephant in the room. A look at how policies impact the lives of Female sub-saharan African Asylum Seekers living in Malta. Xuereb, P (Ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union. Rights and realities, 2002-2011, Malta: Malta University Press, 217-236.
Pisani, M (2018 ) Illegal young bodies and the failings of Liberal democracy. Some reflections on the European Union 's ' refugee crisis' and its implications for juvenile justice. Goldson B ( Ed.), Juvenile Justice in Europe. Past, Present and Future, London and New York: Routledge, 162-185.
Rizzo, S (2012) The Capacities of the Maltese Labour Market to Absorb Irregular Immigrants’. In: Xuereb, P (ed.) Migration and Asylum in Malta and the European Union, Malta University Press, Malta, 141-162.
Rodney, W. (1973) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, London and Dar Es Salaam: Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications.
Ronzitti, N (2009) The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and
Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for
Cooperation in the Mediterranean? Bulletin of Italian Politics
1(1):125-133
Sayer, D (2018). Prague. Crossroads of Europe, London: Reaktion Books.
UNCHR (2016) Mediterranean Sea: 100 people reported dead yesterday, bringing year total to 5,000. UNCHR Newsletter 23 September, Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2016/12/585ce804105/mediterranean-sea-100-people-reported-dead-yesterday-bringing-year-total.html Accessed 10 March 2017
Wright, H.K (2012). Is This an African I See Before Me? Black African Identity and the Politics of (Western, Academic) Knowledge. In Kashope Wright, H., Abdi, A.A (eds) The Dialectic of African Education and Western Discourses. New York, NY, Vienna and Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 180-191.
Published
2022-09-18
Section
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