Institutional Abandonment of Minority Women in Israel who are Violence Victims
Abstract
The obligation of the establishment to protecting women against violenceis non-consensus andis sometimes conceptualized as a struggle for women-human rights. The present article deals with domestic violence against women from the minority groups of Palestinian and Ethiopian women in Israel,both part of patriarchal, collectivist societies,who suffer from poor civil status. Semi-structured interviews were held with Palestinian and Ethiopian women, as well as professionals in the social services regarding violence against women, including physical and economic violence, and accessibility to resources for protection against violence. Our findingsexpose both patriarchal repressive practices and official public policies that exacerbate the situation of women violence victims, expressed as hollow citizenship among Palestinian women and partially exclusionary citizenship among Ethiopian women who are part of the Jewish majority.Thus, policymakers should consider adapting violence prevention and treatment programs to minority populations, to make these resources available to all citizens.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Abu-Baker, K. (2016). Gender policy in family and society among Palestinian citizens of Israel: Outside and inside influences. In E. Ben-Rafael, J. H. Schoeps, Y. Sternberg, & O. Glöckner(Eds.), Handbook of Israel: Major Debates (pp. 453-474). Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
Almagor Lotan, A. (2011). Violence Against Women Data Concentration for 2011. Submitted to the Committee for the Promotion of Women's Status. Jerusalem: Knesset, Research and Information Center.
www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02959.pdf[Hebrew]
Bauml, Y. (2010). 61 years of supervised abandonment: Decoding Israeli governmental policy toward Arab citizens. In H. Katz & E. Tzfadia(Eds.), Abandoning State Supervising State: Social Policy in Israel, 1985–2008 (pp. 35-54).Tel-Aviv: Resling. [Hebrew].
Barrett, B. J & St. Pierre, M. (2011). Variations in women’s help seeking in response to intimate partner violence: Findings from a Canadian population-based study.
Violence Against Women,17(1), 47-70.
Benjamin, O. (2014). The spirit of women working together: Ethics in feminist research. In M. Krumer-Nevo M., Lavie-Ajay & D. Hacker (Eds.),Feminist Research Methodologies (pp. 134-151). Tel-Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad. [Hebrew].
Ben-Porat, A. (2010). Connecting two worlds: Training social workers to deal with domestic violence against women in the Ethiopian community. British Journal of Social Work, 40, 2485–2501.
Clair, R. P. (1998). Organizing silence: A world of possibilities.Suny Press.
Clarke, K. (2011). The paradoxical approach to intimate partner violence in Finland. International Perspectives in Victimology, 6(1),9-19.
Dahan-Caleb, H. (2017).Colorism in Israel - Hidden perspectives. Political Science & International Relations, (26),69-102[Hebrew]
Daly, M. (2005). Gender mainstreaming in theory and practice. Social Politics, 12(3), 433–450.
Daud, N. (2019). National study of spouses' violence against Arab and Jewish women in Israel. [Hebrew].
DeVault, M. L. (1999). Liberating method: Feminism and social research.
Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Edelstein, A. (2011).Intimate partner homicide in Israel.Theoretical and empirical aspects. BeerSheba: Ben-Gurion University Press. [Hebrew]
Epstein, W. N. (2013). Contract theory and the failures of public-private contracting. Cardozo Law Review, 34(6), 2211-2260.
Gharrah, R. (2018). Arab society in Israel: Population, society, economy (9). Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute, Hakibbutz Hameuchad. [Hebrew]
Haaretz, (2019). First degree murder. http://www.haaretz.co.il/st/c/prod/heb/global/homicide/
Haj-Yahai, M. (2000). Implications of wife-abuse and battering for self-esteem, depression and anxiety as revealed by the second Palestinian national survey on violence against women. Journal of Family Issues,21, 435-463.
Haj-Yahai, M., Saden, a. (2007). Beating women in collectivist societies: Issues in intervention and empowerment.Society and Welfare, 27,423-451. [Hebrew].
Hassan, M. (1999). The politics of honor: patriarchy, the state and the murder of women in the name of family honor. In. D. N. Izraeli A. Friedman H. Dahan-Kalev S. Fogiel-Bijaoui H. Herzog M. Hassan&H, Nave (Eds.),Sex, Gender and Politics (pp. 267-305). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad. [Hebrew]
Herbst-Debby, A. (2019). The economically responsible single mom who sees to her future: Welfare-to-work programs and pension savings. Journal of Social Policy, 48(3), 489-510.
Hertzog, E. (1999). Immigrants and bureaucrats: Ethiopians in an Israeli absorption center. New York. Oxford:Berghahn Books.
Herzog, H. (1999a). Homefront and battlefront and the status of Jewish and Palestinian women in Israel. Israeli Studies, (3), 61-84
Herzog H. (2010). Alternative spaces: Politics of the everyday life of Israeli-Palestinian women in mixed cities. In S. Abu-Rabia-Queder & N. Weiner-Levy (Eds.),Palestinian women in Israel: Identity, power relations and coping strategies (pp. 148-174). Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute, Hakibbutz Hameuhad. [Hebrew]
The Inter-ministerial Committee on Coping with Murder and Violence Against Ethiopian Women Immigrants report, March 2013, p.8.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. (2019a).Israel in figures - Rosh Hashana selected annual data 2019.
https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/304/11_19_304b.pdf
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. (2019b).The Ethiopian population in Israel. https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/355/11_19_355b.pdf
Jamal, A. (2007). Nationalizing states and the constitution of ‘hollow citizenship’: Israel and its Palestinian citizens. Ethnopolitics, 6(4), 471-493.
Kamir O. (2002): Feminism, rights and the law. Tel Aviv: Israel Ministry of Defense. [Hebrew].
Kasan, L., Sofer, J. and Kidder, L. (2005). Spouse violence among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. In Sabtai, M. and Kasan, L. (Eds.), Molemolem: Women and Girls Exiting Ethiopia in Spaces, Worlds, and Cultural Journeys (pp. 135-111). Tel Aviv: Lashon Zhacha.
Kasan, L., &Kidder, L. (2006). The stomach is wide until it explodes - spousal violence among Ethiopian immigrant families in Israel.Beer-Sheba: Ben-Gurion University Press. [Hebrew]
Katz, H., & E. Tzfadia.(2010) Abandoning state supervising state: Social policy in Israel, 1985–2008. Tel-Aviv: Resling. [Hebrew].
Layish, A. (1995) “Introduction” Islamic law and society. Marriage, Divorce and Succession in the Muslim Family, 2(3), 215–218.
Mizrahi-Simon, S. (2015). Violence Against Women - Data Concentration for 2015. Jerusalem: Knesset, Research and Information Center.[Hebrew]
Raday, F. (2012). Gender and democratic citizenship: The impact of CEDAW. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 10(2), 512–530.
Raj, R., & Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against immigrant women: The roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 8, 367–398.
Regev-Messalem, S. (2015). Changes in the welfare state and citizenship boundaries: exclusion of poor women. Labour Law and Social Security, (14),115-140[Hebrew].
Saʿar, A. (2007). Contradictory location: Assessing the position of Palestinian women citizens of Israel. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 3 (3), 45-74.
Sasson-Levy, O, Shavit, Z., & Ben-Porat, G. (Eds.). (2014). Points of reference: Changing identities and social positioning in Israel. Van Leer Jerusalem Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Schweitzer, R., Melville, F., Steel, Z., & Lacherez, P. (2006).Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 179-188.
Shapiro, Y. H. (2013). State Comptroller's Report. Reports on Auditing in Local Government for 2011-2012 (pp. 19-66). Jerusalem: State Comptroller's Office.
Shoham, E. (2012).A glimpse behind the walls: Violence towards women in segregated communities. Beer-Sheba: Ben-Gurion University Press. [Hebrew]
Siim, B.&Borchorst, A. (2017). Gendering European welfare states and citizenship: Revisioning inequalities. In P. Kennett P & N. Lendvai-Bainton (Eds.), Handbook of European social policy (pp. 60-87). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Smooha, S. (2013). Still playing by the rules. Index of Arab-Jewish relations in Israel 2013. Findings and conclusions. University of Haifa: The Israel Democracy Institute.
Strauss, A. L.,& Corbin, J. M. (1990) Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theoryprocedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage.
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6),1024–1054.
West, C. M. (1998). Lifting the "political gag order": Breaking the silence around partner violence in ethnic minority families. In J. L. Jasinski & L. M. Williams (Eds.), Partner violence: A comprehensive review of 20 years of research (pp. 184-209). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage publications.
World Health Organization. (2016). Violence against women.
Authors who publish in this journal agree with the following points:
- The author(s) guarantee(s) that the article is original and that it has not previously published nor sent to other journals for consideration.
- The author(s) declare(s) that the article does not violate the copyright of third parties and assume(s) the full personal and financial responsibility for any legal action which may be brought by third parties against the ICSR Mediterranean Knowledge
- The author(s) retain(s) the rights of the article. The ICSR Mediterranean Knowledge is allowed to publish it in digital edition with licence Creative Commons Attribution Licence 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) or in any other form that the publisher considers opportune. The licence allows others to share the article, provided that the authorship and the initial publication in this journal are reported.
- The author(s) can establish arrangements with non-exclusive license to distribute the published version of the article (eg. deposit it in an institutional archive or publish it in a monograph), indicating that it was first published in the Journal of Mediterranean Knoweldge.
- The author(s) can distribute the work online (eg. on their website) only after that it is published by the Journal of Mediterranean Knoweldge (see The Effect of Open Access).
